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Bile acids and their effects on diabetes

Cynthia Rajani, Wei Jia

《医学前沿（英文）》 2018年 第12卷 第6期   页码 608-623 doi: 10.1007/s11684-018-0644-x

摘要： Diabetes is a widespread, rapidly increasing metabolic disease that is driven by hyperglycemia. Early glycemic control is of primary importance to avoid vascular complications including development of retinal disorders leading to blindness, end-stage renal disease, and accelerated atherosclerosis with a higher risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and limb amputations. Even after hyperglycemia has been brought under control, “metabolic memory,” a cluster of irreversible metabolic changes that allow diabetes to progress, may persist depending on the duration of hyperglycemia. Manipulation of bile acid (BA) receptors and the BA pool have been shown to be useful in establishing glycemic control in diabetes due to their ability to regulate energy metabolism by binding and activating nuclear transcription factors such as farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in liver and intestine as well as the G-protein coupled receptor, TGR5, in enteroendocrine cells and pancreatic -cells. The downstream targets of BA activated FXR, FGF15/21, are also important for glucose/insulin homeostasis. In this review we will discuss the effect of BAs on glucose and lipid metabolism and explore recent research on establishing glycemic control in diabetes through the manipulation of BAs and their receptors in the liver, intestine and pancreas, alteration of the enterohepatic circulation, bariatric surgery and alignment of circadian rhythms.

关键词： bile acids     metabolic memory     diabetes     circadian rhythm     bariatric surgery    

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An extended thermo-mechanically coupled algorithm for simulation of superelasticity and shape memoryeffect in shape memory alloys

S. HASHEMI,H. AHMADIAN,S. MOHAMMADI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2015年 第9卷 第4期   页码 466-477 doi: 10.1007/s11709-015-0300-3

摘要： Thermo-mechanical coupling in shape memory alloys is a very complicated phenomenon. The heat generation/absorption during forward/reverse transformation can lead to temperature-dependent variation of its mechanical behavior in the forms of superelasticity and shape memory effect. However, unlike the usual assumption, slow loading rate cannot guarantee an isothermal process. A two-dimensional thermo-mechanically coupled algorithm is proposed based on the original model of Lagoudas to efficiently model both superelasticity and shape memory effects and the influence of various strain rates, aspect ratios and boundary conditions. To implement the coupled model into a finite element code, a numerical staggered algorithm is employed. A number of simulations are performed to verify the proposed approach with available experimental and numerical data and to assess its efficiency in solving complex SMA problems.

关键词： shape memory alloy     thermo-mechanical coupling     superplasticity     shape memory effect    

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New insights into different surfactants’ impacts on sludge fermentation: Focusing on the particular metabolic

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第8期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-022-1527-6

摘要：

• The promoting effects for VFA generation follow the order of APG>SDBS>HTAB.

关键词： Waste activated sludge (WAS)     Volatile fatty acids (VFA)     Surfactant types     Functional microorganisms     Metabolic activity upregulation    

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Application of metal magnetic memory test in failure analysis and safety evaluation of vessels

Yiliang ZHANG, Song YANG, Xuedong XU

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2009年 第4卷 第1期   页码 40-48 doi: 10.1007/s11465-009-0003-3

摘要： Metal magnetic memory test (MMMT), which is a new subject in the field of nondestructive examination, can determine regions of stress concentration by testing the distribution of the magnetic field of metal structures so as to effectively diagnose premature defects. MMMT and other test methods are applied in the study to put a propylene purifier of a temperature-jump accident and a leaked ammonia vessel through safety evaluation. Results are as follows: The margin of safety declines after the purifier is overburnt; several stress concentrations are observed within the overburnt area and the level of stress concentration rises after one-month operation; and overpressure operation of the purifier must be strictly avoided and carefully monitored during later operation. Cracks are observed on the ammonia vessel after one year’s service. Extremely high residual stress is the primary cause of cracks. After four years in service, the residual stresses existing in the area of the base metal and weld zone are still greater than 0.5 , which results in numerous cracks due to stress corrosion. From the MMMT result of the ammonia vessel’s defects, it can be seen that the derivative of magnetic density (d p/d ) is an important reference variable. Within the 31 leakage points, 67.7% of them whose dHp/dx values are more than 10, and 96.8% of them whose dHp/dx values are more than 8.

关键词： Metal magnetic memory test (MMMT)     nondestructive testing (NDT)     residual stress     propylene purifier     ammonia vessel    

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Hyperglycemic memory in diabetic cardiomyopathy

《医学前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第1期   页码 25-38 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0881-2

摘要： Cardiovascular diseases account for approximately 80% of deaths among individuals with diabetes mellitus, with diabetic cardiomyopathy as the major diabetic cardiovascular complication. Hyperglycemia is a symptom that abnormally activates multiple downstream pathways and contributes to cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, apoptosis, and other pathophysiological changes. Although glycemic control has long been at the center of diabetes therapy, multicenter randomized clinical studies have revealed that intensive glycemic control fails to reduce heart failure-associated hospitalization and mortality in patients with diabetes. This finding indicates that hyperglycemic stress persists in the cardiovascular system of patients with diabetes even if blood glucose level is tightly controlled to the normal level. This process is now referred to as hyperglycemic memory (HGM) phenomenon. We briefly reviewed herein the current advances that have been achieved in research on the underlying mechanisms of HGM in diabetic cardiomyopathy.

关键词： diabetes     diabetic cardiomyopathy     hyperglycemic memory    

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Metabolic hypertension: concept and practice

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2013年 第7卷 第2期   页码 201-206 doi: 10.1007/s11684-013-0264-4

摘要：

Hypertension is a serious public health problem worldwide. More than 60% of the risk factors for hypertension are associated with metabolic disturbances. Metabolic abnormalities increase the risk for hypertension and cause high blood pressure. Improving metabolic disturbances is beneficial for hypertension treatment. Due to the importance of metabolic abnormalities in the pathogenesis of hypertension, we propose a concept of metabolic hypertension. In this review, we discuss and review the clinical types, pathogenesis, risk evaluation and management of metabolic hypertension. Elucidation of the mechanism of metabolic hypertension should facilitate the design of novel pharmacotherapeutics and dedicated antihypertensive manipulations.

关键词： hypertension     cardiometabolic risk factors     metabolic abnormalities    

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Beneficial metabolic activities of inflammatory cytokine interleukin 15 in obesity and type 2 diabetes

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2015年 第9卷 第2期   页码 139-145 doi: 10.1007/s11684-015-0377-z

摘要：

In obesity, chronic inflammation is believed to induce insulin resistance and impairs adipose tissue function. Although this view is supported by a large body of literature, it has been challenged by growing evidence that pro-inflammatory cytokines may favor insulin sensitivity through induction of energy expenditure. In this review article, interleukin 15 (IL-15) is used as a new example to explain the beneficial effects of the pro-inflammatory cytokines. IL-15 is secreted by multiple types of cells including macrophages, neutrophils and skeletal muscle cells. IL-15 expression is induced in immune cells by endotoxin and in muscle cells by physical exercise. Its transcription is induced by transcription factor NF-κB. IL-15 binds to its receptor that contains three different subunits (α, β and γ) to activate JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt, IKK/NF-κB and JNK/AP1 pathways in cells. In the regulation of metabolism, IL-15 reduces weight gain without inhibiting food intake in rodents. IL-15 suppresses lipogenesis, stimulates brown fat function, improves insulin sensitivity through weight loss and energy expenditure. In human, circulating IL-15 is negatively associated with body weight. In the immune system, IL-15 stimulates proliferation and differentiation of T cells, NK cells, monocytes and neutrophils. In the anti-obesity effects of IL-15, T cells and NK cells are not required, but leptin receptor is required. In summary, evidence from human and rodents supports that the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-15 may enhance energy expenditure to protect the body from obesity and type 2 diabetes. The mechanism of IL-15 action remains to be fully uncovered in the regulation of energy expenditure.

关键词： inflammation     obesity     cytokine     energy expenditure     insulin resistance    

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electron transfer and its application in dictating routes of biochemical processes associated with metabolic

《医学前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第5期   页码 679-692 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0866-1

摘要： Metabolic reprogramming, such as abnormal utilization of glucose, addiction to glutamine, and increased de-novo lipid synthesis, extensively occurs in proliferating cancer cells, but the underneath rationale has remained to be elucidated. Based on the concept of the degree of reduction of a compound, we have recently proposed a calculation termed as potential of electron transfer (PET), which is used to characterize the degree of electron redistribution coupled with metabolic transformations. When this calculation is combined with the assumed model of electron balance in a cellular context, the enforced selective reprogramming could be predicted by examining the net changes of the PET values associated with the biochemical pathways in anaerobic metabolism. Some interesting properties of PET in cancer cells were also discussed, and the model was extended to uncover the chemical nature underlying aerobic glycolysis that essentially results from energy requirement and electron balance. Enabling electron transfer could drive metabolic reprogramming in cancer metabolism. Therefore, the concept and model established on electron transfer could guide the treatment strategies of tumors and future studies on cellular metabolism.

关键词： metabolic reprogramming     potential of electron transfer     cell proliferation     aerobic glycolysis     cancer metabolism    

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Fibroblast growth factor 21: a novel metabolic regulator from pharmacology to physiology

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2013年 第7卷 第1期   页码 25-30 doi: 10.1007/s11684-013-0244-8

摘要：

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a member of the fibroblast growth factor family. It actually functions as endocrine hormones but does not regulate cell growth and differentiation. It is demonstrated that FGF21 acts on multiple tissue to coordinate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, including enhancing insulin sensitivity, decreasing triglyceride concentrations, causing weight loss, ameliorating obesity-associated hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Moreover, FGF21 also plays important roles in some physiological processes, such as fasting and feeding, growth hormone axis and thermogenic function of brown adipose tissue. Clinical relevance of FGF21 in humans is still unclear, and the basis and consequences of increased FGF21 in metabolic disease remain to be determined. Both the pharmacological actions and physiological roles make FGF21 attractive drug candidates for treating metabolic disease, but some questions remain to be answered. This article concentrates on recent advances in our understanding of FGF21.

关键词： FGF21     metabolism     pharmacology     physiology     clinical relevance    

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Metformin and metabolic diseases: a focus on hepatic aspects

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2015年 第9卷 第2期   页码 173-186 doi: 10.1007/s11684-015-0384-0

摘要：

Metformin has been widely used as a first-line anti-diabetic medicine for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). As a drug that primarily targets the liver, metformin suppresses hepatic glucose production (HGP), serving as the main mechanism by which metformin improves hyperglycemia of T2D. Biochemically, metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis and stimulates glycolysis. Metformin also inhibits glycogenolysis, which is a pathway that critically contributes to elevated HGP. While generating beneficial effects on hyperglycemia, metformin also improves insulin resistance and corrects dyslipidemia in patients with T2D. These beneficial effects of metformin implicate a role for metformin in managing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. As supported by the results from both human and animal studies, metformin improves hepatic steatosis and suppresses liver inflammation. Mechanistically, the beneficial effects of metformin on hepatic aspects are mediated through both adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent and AMPK-independent pathways. In addition, metformin is generally safe and may also benefit patients with other chronic liver diseases.

关键词： metformin     diabetes     hepatic steatosis     inflammatory response     insulin resistance    

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denitrification system with short-term pyridine exposure: Process capability, inhibition kinetics and metabolic

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第6期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1433-3

摘要：

• Short-term effect of the pyridine exposure on the SAD process was investigated.

关键词： Anammox     Inhibition     Metabolic pathway     Microbial community     Pyridine     SAD    

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Water-dispersible nano-pollutions reshape microbial metabolism in type-specific manners: A metabolic

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第9期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-022-1548-1

摘要：

• Water-dispersible nano-pollutions exhibit type-specific toxic effects on E. coli.

关键词： Nano-toxicity     Nano-plastics     Quantum dots     Microbial metabolite     Metabolic dysregulation    

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Temperature effects of shape memory alloys (SMAs) in damage control design of steel portal frames

Xiaoqun LUO, Hanbin GE, Tsutomu USAMI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2012年 第6卷 第4期   页码 348-357 doi: 10.1007/s11709-012-0176-4

摘要： The objective of the present study is to analytically investigate temperature effects of an axial-type seismic damper made of shape memory alloys (SMAs) equipped in steel frames. Based on a modified multilinear one dimensional constitutive model of SMAs, two types of SMAs are employed, which have different stress plateau and different stress growth rate with temperature increase. Temperature effects of SMA dampers on seismic performance upgrading are discussed in three aspects: different environment temperatures; rapid loading rate induced heat generation and different SMA fractions. The analysis indicates that the effect of environment temperature should be considered for the SMA damper in steel frames. However, the rapid loading rate induced heat generation has little adverse effect.

关键词： damage control design     shape memory alloy     temperature effect    

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The FGF metabolic axis

Xiaokun Li

《医学前沿（英文）》 2019年 第13卷 第5期   页码 511-530 doi: 10.1007/s11684-019-0711-y

摘要： Members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family play pleiotropic roles in cellular and metabolic homeostasis. During evolution, the ancestor FGF expands into multiple members by acquiring divergent structural elements that enable functional divergence and specification. Heparan sulfate-binding FGFs, which play critical roles in embryonic development and adult tissue remodeling homeostasis, adapt to an autocrine/paracrine mode of action to promote cell proliferation and population growth. By contrast, FGF19, 21, and 23 coevolve through losing binding affinity for extracellular matrix heparan sulfate while acquiring affinity for transmembrane α-Klotho (KL) or β-KL as a coreceptor, thereby adapting to an endocrine mode of action to drive interorgan crosstalk that regulates a broad spectrum of metabolic homeostasis. FGF19 metabolic axis from the ileum to liver negatively controls diurnal bile acid biosynthesis. FGF21 metabolic axes play multifaceted roles in controlling the homeostasis of lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism. FGF23 axes from the bone to kidney and parathyroid regulate metabolic homeostasis of phosphate, calcium, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone that are important for bone health and systemic mineral balance. The significant divergence in structural elements and multiple functional specifications of FGF19, 21, and 23 in cellular and organismal metabolism instead of cell proliferation and growth sufficiently necessitate a new unified and specific term for these three endocrine FGFs. Thus, the term “FGF Metabolic Axis,” which distinguishes the unique pathways and functions of endocrine FGFs from other autocrine/paracrine mitogenic FGFs, is coined.

关键词： FGF19     FGF21     FGF23     FGFR     metabolism     endocrine     Klotho    

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A novel shape memory alloy actuated soft gripper imitated hand behavior

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2022年 第17卷 第4期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-022-0700-8

摘要： The limited length shrinkage of shape memory alloy (SMA) wire seriously limits the motion range of SMA-based gripper. In this paper, a new soft finger without silicone gel was designed based on pre bent SMA wire, and the finger was back to its original shape by heating SMA wire, rather than relying only on heat exchange with the environment. Through imitating palm movement, a structure with adjustable spacing between fingers was made using SMA spring and rigid spring. The hook structure design at the fingertip can form self-locking to further improve the load capacity of gripper. Through the long thin rod model, the relationship of the initial pre bent angle on the bending angle and output force of the finger was analyzed. The stress-strain model of SMA spring was established for the selection of rigid spring. Three grasping modes were proposed to adapt to the weight of the objects. Through the test of the gripper, it was proved that the gripper had large bending amplitude, bending force, and response rate. The design provides a new idea for the lightweight design and convenient design of soft gripper based on SMA.

关键词： shape memory alloy (SMA)     pre bent     wire     gripper     grasping mode     lightweight    

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标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

Bile acids and their effects on diabetes

Cynthia Rajani, Wei Jia

期刊论文

An extended thermo-mechanically coupled algorithm for simulation of superelasticity and shape memoryeffect in shape memory alloys

S. HASHEMI,H. AHMADIAN,S. MOHAMMADI

期刊论文

New insights into different surfactants’ impacts on sludge fermentation: Focusing on the particular metabolic

期刊论文

Application of metal magnetic memory test in failure analysis and safety evaluation of vessels

Yiliang ZHANG, Song YANG, Xuedong XU

期刊论文

Hyperglycemic memory in diabetic cardiomyopathy

期刊论文

Metabolic hypertension: concept and practice

null

期刊论文

Beneficial metabolic activities of inflammatory cytokine interleukin 15 in obesity and type 2 diabetes

null

期刊论文

electron transfer and its application in dictating routes of biochemical processes associated with metabolic

期刊论文

Fibroblast growth factor 21: a novel metabolic regulator from pharmacology to physiology

null

期刊论文

Metformin and metabolic diseases: a focus on hepatic aspects

null

期刊论文

denitrification system with short-term pyridine exposure: Process capability, inhibition kinetics and metabolic

期刊论文

Water-dispersible nano-pollutions reshape microbial metabolism in type-specific manners: A metabolic

期刊论文

Temperature effects of shape memory alloys (SMAs) in damage control design of steel portal frames

Xiaoqun LUO, Hanbin GE, Tsutomu USAMI

期刊论文

The FGF metabolic axis

Xiaokun Li

期刊论文

A novel shape memory alloy actuated soft gripper imitated hand behavior

期刊论文